Risk factors, diagnosis, and clinical outcomes in abdominal aortic aneurysm

an integrative literature review

Abstract

Introduction: abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a multifactorial and often asymptomatic condition characterized by progressive and irreversible dilation of the aortic wall, with a high risk of rupture and sudden death. It is more prevalent in men over 65 years, especially smokers, and is usually diagnosed incidentally. OBJECTIVES: To synthesize scientific evidence on risk factors, diagnostic methods, and clinical outcomes related to AAA through an integrative literature review. Methodology: This is an integrative literature review with searches conducted in PubMed from 01/01/2020 to 06/30/2025, using MeSH/DeCS descriptors combined with Boolean operators. Eligible studies included observational studies, case series with n ≥ 50, clinical trials and systematic reviews with quantitative data. Results and discussion: AAA was associated with male sex, advanced age, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and family history. Ultrasound is the preferred screening method, while computed tomography is essential for surgical planning. Early intervention, preferably with endovascular repair (EVAR), reduces mortality, though it requires ongoing monitoring. Open surgery remains a valid option in selected cases. Controlling risk factors is crucial to prevent complications. Conclusion: Screening high-risk groups, early diagnosis, and appropriate surgical intervention are essential to reduce AAA-related mortality.